Voting
In an ideal world, people would vote for or against political candidates solely on the basis of their beliefs, values, or character. It would not matter that someone is black or white, male or female, tall or short, attractive or unattractive, able-bodied or disabled. Ours is not an ideal world, however. There are people who will vote for Hillary Clinton simply because she’s a woman. In light of this, is it permissible for people to vote against her simply because she’s a woman? I believe it is. To refrain from doing so would be to take the moral high road, but the moral high road in this case is a road to nowhere, for politics is about winning, not moral purity. What we have here is a Hobbesian assurance problem. All of us would be better off if nobody voted on the basis of sex (or other irrelevant characteristics). But unless I’m assured that my fellow citizens will act on this principle when they enter the voting booth, it’s not in my interest to do so. Why should I forbear to do what others are doing? Perhaps we should allow people to vote only if they can articulate a reason for doing so—a reason that makes reference to the candidates’ beliefs, values, or character. That would solve the assurance problem. What do you think? I was prompted to write about this because of Dick Morris’s latest column.